Cittern attributed to Nicolò Amati
Current location: Unknown.
(Previously Museo Bardini, Florence, no. 152)

This cittern was in the collection of the Museo Bardini, Florence. It came apart in the massive flood of 1966,¹ which, though damaging to the instrument, has allowed us to see details of its construction that might not have been otherwise readily apparent. It was photographed and examined by the late Stephen Gottlieb in June of 1974. A cittern-player visited the museum somewhere between 1995-2005 on behalf of Peter Forrester to follow up on questions about the peg arrangement (see below). After a fairly long search, the museum could not find the instrument. It was suggested at the time that the instrument had been taken away for reassembly but not returned.... I have labeled this instrument as "current location: unknown," though it is possible that the instrument is still, in fact, in the possession of the museum and just has not been confirmed.

The instrument is fully constructed but in imitation of the earlier carved style. It is diatonically fretted, and possesses 13(?) pegs arranged for 6 courses. The extent of the carved imitation extends not only to the body style, but even down to details such as the in-set string comb, carved pilasters, carved beading along the sides. The two holes in the side may be a partial clue to its method of construction (see below).

Of the overall workmanship, Stephen Gottlieb noted at the time of examination in 1977: "Inside is very crudely made, although joints neatly cut, with saw & plane marks everywhere. Outside so-so, but stylish looking instrument."

A complete analysis of the woods is yet to be done; however a preliminary identification of the woods is as follows:

Back: 3 pieces of walnut (dark staves) and 4 pieces of slightly figured sycamore (light staves)
Sides: sycamore
Soundboard: very coarse "pine" with wide grain
Neck and head: plain sycamore
Fingerboard: sycamore

Stephen's notes from the time of examination state "I had no time to take adequate dimensions of this instrument, which was in pieces because of flood damage. But see photographs." The few measurements below are all taken directly from his notes.

Body:
string length: c. 62 cm

Back:
"about 3-4 mm at center, thinning to edges."

Soundboard bars:
Stephen's notes state "One above, one below rose. Both curved & set into sides thus:" followed by the diagram below.

He marks above his diagram "about 1/8" ", but it is unclear what that refers to. The measurement below appears to read ".6 x 1.8," which one might infer to mean 6 mm x 18 mm (i.e. .6 cm x 1.8 cm) for the dimensions of the center of the bar.

Sides:
"thick, but bent, about 4 mm at top but slightly thinner at lower end of instrument. Carved as above." Peter Forrester suggests "top" in this case to mean "the straight part of the sides towards the neck," and "lower end" to mean "the curved stretch towards the comb."

As mentioned above, the soundboard appears to be made from coarse "pine" (generic term) with a wide grain. The top is of four pieces, with "wings" on the outer edges, all joints clearly visible on the inside.

The rose is "let in" to the top, the top being slightly chamfered at the edges to meet the rose. The rear of the rose is reinforced with small bars, approx. 2mm x 2mm.

The soundboard appears to be decorated with inked or painted lines instead of purfling, and the area of the rosette has an intricate inked or painted pattern that is difficult to make out. (See Peter Forrester's 'Amati' copy for a similar, but inspired, design.) There may have been more painting below the bridge.²

No bars are present on the soundboard. Instead, two main bars (one above, one below the rose) were set into the sides of the instrument. Both bars are noted by Stephen as "curved." The location of the bars can be seen on the inside of the soundboard, and the areas where the bars pass through the sides can be seen in other photographs.

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

When the instrument was examined in 1974, it had no linings on the inside and no maker's label. It is unknown at this time if it had linings or a label prior to the flood of 1966. Visible in the photo below are the main bars "set in" to the sides.

The back is made of alternating strakes. It is unclear from the photographs if the back was rebated into the sides. (Peter Forrester's copy has held up fine without rebating.)

The sides include beaded carving that runs around the instrument at the center of the ribs. The pilasters are carved as well.

The photographs show two small holes in the bass side of the instrument only. One theory is that these would have been used to affix the sides of the instrument to an interior mould. Considering that they are only found on the bass side (the side facing the player), were they possibly intended to function as additional sound holes (orecchie) as they are on the traditional (folk) chitarra battente?³ Peter Forrester also suggests that they might also be related to some sort of support system for the instrument.⁴

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

There is some uncertainty about the peg arrangement and number of strings.

Stephen's notes indicate the stringing as 2/2/3/3/2/2, meaning that the third and fourth courses both have three strings. This was likely based on the string grooves behind the zero fret of the fingerboard (see image below). As for the pegs, he notes, "No extra pegholes — peg arrangement has not been altered." However, he never explicitly states how many pegs are present, and there are no frontal photos of the peghead, making the number of pegs unclear. From the images it would appear that there are two rows of 4 pegs along the "flanks" of the pegboard, 3 in the center, and 2 lateral ones on the bass side, which would bring the number to 13 – much like the arrangement of pegs in V&A 10/1.

Peter Forrester suggests that the "uppermost of the 4th course's apparent three slots ... is too close to the 3rd course and is part of a later arrangement for six double courses." A string arrangement of "11/22/333/x44/55/66 becomes 11/22/33x/44x/55/66." Regarding the number of pegs, he also suggests that "10/1 had its surplus hole filled, this one had its peg retained?"⁵

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

The neck appears to be made of plain sycamore. The end of the neck is dovetailed into a cross-grained block and secured by a nail.

The fingerboard shows evidence of knife cuts on the gluing surface.

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

The bottom block is of one piece with the comb.

Photo: © Stephen Gottlieb

1. For images of some of the damage from the flood, see http://www.fotografia.iccd.beniculturali.it/, especially photos numbers N003682 through N003685. [back]


2. Peter Forrester notes: "My own decoration had to be merely something similar, there was insufficient detail in the photos for a proper 're-creation'. There seems to have been more painting below the bridge. Two matching pale shapes are easily seen and others can be imagined!  I suspect something similar to the Christies cittern, or even a pastoral scene like Berlin. I imagine that the painting would be egg or glue tempera which would be more-or-less water-soluble.  I don't think the purfling is inlaid. It may even have been put on after the instrument was complete - it seems not to exist where it would be crossed by the strings above the comb. It could be again of tempera, or perhaps an 'ink'. Its better preservation than the rest of the decoration might be due to a scribed line(s) initially marking its position." E-mail to the author from Peter Forrester. "Re: updated provisional list." 31 July, 2017. [back]


3. Tucci, Roberta and Antonello Ricci. "The Chitarra Battente in Calabria."The Galpin Society JournalXXXVIII (1985), p 83: "The players very often drill two little holes, called orecchie (ears of the guitar), in each side, at the point of the central bouts. This is done when the sonority of the instrument is not considered 'open' enough; the players say that the ears 'give vent' to the guitar." Similarly, medieval fiddles may also have had these holes as a common feature. See Wright, Laurence. "Sculptures of Medieval Fiddles at Gargilesse," The Galpin Society Journal XXXII (May, 1979), pp. 66-76. [back]


4. "Holes in the sides, usually single (but on both sides) are often on guitars - every chitarra battente I've seen, a late 18th c 6 string from Spoleto that I used to own, Strad I think, etc. I'm sure these were to do with fastening to a mould. On the Amati I would guess that they were to do with support when playing? Despite it also having the slot below the fingerboard."E-mail to the author from Peter Forrester. "Re: updated provisional list." 31 July, 2017. [back]


5. Ibid. [back]


6. Another way to think about the pattern of partial frets is that in each of the spaces where there would be no fret (positions 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18), the partial frets cover the top courses in the following pattern: none, course 1, course 1&2, none, course 1, course 1&2, none. [back]